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  "id": "oai:papers.qnfo.org:thermodynamic-bottlenecks-on-floquet-driving-of-superconducting-matter-quasipart",
  "slug": "thermodynamic-bottlenecks-on-floquet-driving-of-superconducting-matter-quasipart",
  "title": "Thermodynamic Bottlenecks on Floquet Driving of Superconducting Matter: Quasiparticle Poisoning, Heat Extraction, and Design Rules",
  "authors": [
    "Rowan Brad Quni-Gudzinas"
  ],
  "abstract": "Floquet engineering—periodic modulation of a Hamiltonian to synthesize effective dynamics—is attractive for superconducting circuits and materials, but a driven superconductor is an open system: every absorbed drive photon must be dissipated into a cryogenic bath, and above-gap absorption breaks Cooper pairs. We formalize this objection as a quantitative bottleneck analysis built on a minimal quasiparticle-rate and heat-balance model, with every numerical input stated. For aluminum circuits (T_c = 1.2 K, Δ₀ = 1.76 k_B T_c), the pair-breaking threshold is f_pb = 2Δ₀/h ≈ 88 GHz. A tolerated quasiparticle-poisoning error of 10^-3 per $100$ ns gate limits absorbed power in a qubit junction to P_rm abs^max ≈ 5.8×10^-19 W, about fourteen orders of magnitude below a typical mixing-chamber cooling power, so quasiparticle poisoning, not refrigeration, binds qubit-scale Floquet drive. For cavity-scale resonators the hierarchy reverses: one picowatt of absorbed drive yields a steady-state quasiparticle density ≈ 1.0×10¹1 mathrmm^-3, exceeding the thermal density at $100$ mK by a factor ≈ 9×10³1. [...]",
  "abstract_markdown": "Floquet engineering—periodic modulation of a Hamiltonian to synthesize effective dynamics—is attractive for superconducting circuits and materials, but a driven superconductor is an open system: every absorbed drive photon must be dissipated into a cryogenic bath, and above-gap absorption breaks Cooper pairs. We formalize this objection as a quantitative bottleneck analysis built on a minimal quasiparticle-rate and heat-balance model, with every numerical input stated. For aluminum circuits ($T_c = 1.2$ K, $\\Delta_0 = 1.76\\,k_B T_c$), the pair-breaking threshold is $f_{pb} = 2\\Delta_0/h \\approx 88$ GHz. A tolerated quasiparticle-poisoning error of $10^{-3}$ per $100$ ns gate limits absorbed power in a qubit junction to $P_{\\rm abs}^{\\max} \\approx 5.8\\times10^{-19}$ W, about fourteen orders of magnitude below a typical mixing-chamber cooling power, so quasiparticle poisoning, not refrigeration, binds qubit-scale Floquet drive. For cavity-scale resonators the hierarchy reverses: one picowatt of absorbed drive yields a steady-state quasiparticle density $\\approx 1.0\\times10^{11}\\ \\mathrm{m^{-3}}$, exceeding the thermal density at $100$ mK by a factor $\\approx 9\\times10^{31}$. [...]",
  "date": "2026-10-10",
  "first_published": "2026-10-10",
  "last_revised": "2026-10-10T00:00:00Z",
  "modified": "2026-10-10T00:00:00Z",
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  "url": "https://papers.qnfo.org/papers/thermodynamic-bottlenecks-on-floquet-driving-of-superconducting-matter-quasipart",
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    "titles": [
      {
        "title": "Thermodynamic Bottlenecks on Floquet Driving of Superconducting Matter: Quasiparticle Poisoning, Heat Extraction, and Design Rules"
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        "description": "Floquet engineering—periodic modulation of a Hamiltonian to synthesize effective dynamics—is attractive for superconducting circuits and materials, but a driven superconductor is an open system: every absorbed drive photon must be dissipated into a cryogenic bath, and above-gap absorption breaks Cooper pairs. We formalize this objection as a quantitative bottleneck analysis built on a minimal quasiparticle-rate and heat-balance model, with every numerical input stated. For aluminum circuits (T_c = 1.2 K, Δ₀ = 1.76 k_B T_c), the pair-breaking threshold is f_pb = 2Δ₀/h ≈ 88 GHz. A tolerated quasiparticle-poisoning error of 10^-3 per $100$ ns gate limits absorbed power in a qubit junction to P_rm abs^max ≈ 5.8×10^-19 W, about fourteen orders of magnitude below a typical mixing-chamber cooling power, so quasiparticle poisoning, not refrigeration, binds qubit-scale Floquet drive. For cavity-scale resonators the hierarchy reverses: one picowatt of absorbed drive yields a steady-state quasiparticle density ≈ 1.0×10¹1 mathrmm^-3, exceeding the thermal density at $100$ mK by a factor ≈ 9×10³1. [...]",
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